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3rd ed |
| Descript |
1 online resource (828 pages) |
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text txt rdacontent |
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computer c rdamedia |
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online resource cr rdacarrier |
| Note |
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships -- 1.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics. Principle of Conservation of Energy -- 1.2.2 Enthalpy -- 1.2.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy -- 1.2.4 Gibbs' Free Energy -- 1.2.5 Intensive and Extensive Thermodynamic Quantities -- 1.3 Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems -- 1.3.1 Clausius-Clapeyron's Law -- 1.3.2 Equilibrium between Liquid and Solid Phases. Influence of Pressure and Crystal Curvature on Melting Point -- 1.3.3 Equilibrium between Liquid and Gaseous Phases. Influence of Pressure on Boiling Point. Bubble Formation in Melts -- 1.3.4 Molar Gibbs' Free Energy of a Pure Metal -- 1.4 Thermodynamics of Multiple-Component Systems -- 1.4.1 Partial Molar Thermodynamic Quantities -- 1.4.2 Relative Thermodynamic Quantities and Reference States. Relative Partial Molar Thermodynamic Quantities or Partial Molar Quantities of Mixing -- 1.4.3 Relative Integral Molar Thermodynamic Quantities or Integral Molar Quantities of Mixing -- 1.4.4 Other Thermodynamic Functions and Relationships -- 1.5 Thermodynamics of Alloys -- 1.5.1 Heat of Mixing -- 1.5.2 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions -- 1.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Binary Solutions -- 1.6.1 Molar Gibbs' Free Energy of Ideal Binary Solutions -- 1.7 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions -- 1.7.1 Activities of Non-Ideal Solutions Raoult's and Henry's Laws -- 1.7.2 Excess Quantities of Non-Ideal Solutions -- 1.7.3 Molar Gibbs' Free Energies of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions -- 1.8 Experimental Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities of Binary Alloys -- 1.8.1 Determination of Molar Heat of Mixing of Binary Alloys -- 1.8.2 Determination of Partial Molar Gibbs' Free Energy of Mixing of Binary Alloys |
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Summary -- Further Reading -- 2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Solidification Processes in Metals and Alloys -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Thermodynamics of Pure Metals -- 2.2.1 Driving Force of Solidification -- 2.3 Thermodynamics of Binary Alloys -- 2.3.1 Gibbs' Free Energy of Ideal Binary Solutions -- 2.3.2 Gibbs' Free Energy of Non-Ideal Solutions -- 2.3.3 The Regular-Solution Model. Miscibility Gap in a Regular Solution -- 2.4 Equilibrium Between Phases in Binary Solutions. Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys -- 2.4.1 Gibbs' Phase Rule -- 2.4.2 Gibbs' Free Energy Curves for Solid and Liquid Binary Solutions -- 2.4.3 The Tangent to Tangent Method to Predict Phases in Binary Solutions -- 2.4.4 Calculation of Chemical Potentials from Gibbs' Free Energy Diagrams -- 2.4.5 Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys -- 2.4.6 Relationship between Molar Gibbs' Free Energy Curves and Phase Diagrams. Construction of Phase Diagrams -- 2.4.7 Influence of Parameters on Phase Diagrams -- 2.5 Driving Force of Solidification in Binary Alloys -- 2.6 Thermodynamics of Ternary Alloys -- 2.7 Thermodynamics of Vacancies in Pure Metals and Alloys -- 2.7.1 Vacancies in Pure Metals -- 2.7.2 Calculation of the Relative Mole Fraction of Vacancies in Pure Metals -- 2.7.3 Decrease of Melting Point and Heat of Fusion as Functions of the Relative Mole Fraction of Vacancies in Pure Metals -- 2.7.4 Vacancies in Binary Alloys -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Properties of Interfaces -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classical Theory of Interface Energy and Surface Tension -- 3.2.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions of Interface Energy and Surface Tension -- 3.2.2 Interface Energy and Surface Tension -- 3.2.3 Surface Tension as a Function of Interface Energy -- 3.2.4 Interface Energy as a Function of Temperature and Impurity Concentration -- 3.2.5 Wetting |
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3.2.6 Measurements of Interface Energies -- 3.3 Thermodynamics of Interphases -- 3.3.1 Two Thermodynamic Models of Interfaces -- 3.3.2 Gibbs' Model of Interfaces -- 3.3.3 Guggenheim's Model of Interphase -- 3.3.4 Partition of Alloying Element between Liquid and Interphase in Binary Alloys in Equilibrium with a Gas or a Solid -- 3.4 Structures of Interfaces -- 3.4.1 Liquid/Vapour Interphases -- 3.4.2 Solid/Vapour Interfaces -- 3.4.3 Liquid/Liquid Interfaces -- 3.4.4 Liquid/Solid Interfaces -- 3.4.5 Atomically Planar Solid/Liquid Interfaces -- 3.4.6 Atomically Rough Liquid/Solid Interphases -- 3.4.7 Solid/Solid Interfaces -- 3.5 Equilibrium Shapes of Crystals -- 3.5.1 Gibbs-Curie-Wulff's Theorem -- 3.5.2 Interface Energy Dependence on Orientation -- 3.5.3 Stability of Crystal Surfaces -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- 4 Nucleation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Homogeneous Nucleation -- 4.2.1 Theory of Homogeneous Nucleation of Solid Crystals from Liquids -- 4.2.2 Nucleation Rate -- 4.2.3 Homogeneous Nucleation as a Function of Undercooling. Nucleation Temperature -- 4.2.4 Homogeneous Nucleation as a Function of Concentration in Binary Alloys -- 4.2.5 Influence of Variable Surface Energy on Homogeneous Nucleation -- 4.2.6 Homogeneous Nucleation of Non-Spherical Embryos. Nucleation of Faceted Crystals -- 4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation. Inoculation -- 4.3.1 Inoculation of Metal Melts -- 4.3.2 Theory of Inoculation -- 4.3.3 Solid/Solid Interface Energies -- 4.3.4 Influence of Strain on Coherent and Semi-coherent Nucleation -- 4.3.5 Nucleating Agents of Iron Alloys -- 4.4 Nucleation of Bubbles -- 4.4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation of Spherical Pores -- 4.4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 4.5 Crystal Multiplication -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- 5 Crystal Growth in Vapours -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Crystal Morphologies -- 5.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition |
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5.3.1 Chemical Transport Methods -- 5.3.2 Vapour Decomposition Methods -- 5.3.3 Vapour Synthesis Methods -- 5.4 Crystal Growth -- 5.4.1 Simple Model for Growth Rate -- 5.4.2 Crystal Growth on Rough and Smooth Surfaces -- 5.5 Normal Crystal Growth of Rough Surfaces in Vapours -- 5.5.1 Driving Force and Activation Energy -- 5.5.2 Rate of Normal Growth -- 5.6 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Vapours -- 5.6.1 Driving Forces and Activation Energies -- 5.6.2 Two-Dimensional Nucleation -- 5.6.3 Roughening Temperature. Influence of Pressure -- 5.6.4 Diffusion Process at the Step Terrace -- 5.6.5 Kinetic Process at the Step Edge -- 5.6.6 Total Rate of Step Growth -- 5.6.7 Spiral Steps and Screw Dislocations -- 5.6.8 Rate of Layer Growth with No Consideration to Strain -- 5.6.9 Rate of Layer Growth with Consideration to Strain -- 5.7 Influence of Impurities on Crystal Growth in Vapours -- 5.7.1 Impurity Trapping -- 5.7.2 Equilibrium Trapping of Immobile Impurities -- 5.7.3 Non-Equilibrium Trapping of Impurities -- 5.8 Epitaxial Growth -- 5.8.1 Epitaxial Growth of Thin Films -- 5.8.2 Epitaxial Growth of Silicon and Diamond -- 5.9 Whisker Growth -- 5.9.1 Growth Methods -- 5.9.2 Mechanisms of Whisker Growth -- 5.10 Mechanical Restrictions on Thin Films -- 5.10.1 Stress in Thin Films -- 5.10.2 Mismatch Dislocation Formation in Epitaxial Films. Critical Film Thickness -- 5.10.3 Instability of Thin Films -- Summary -- Exercises -- References -- 6 Crystal Growth in Liquids and Melts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structures of Crystals and Melts -- 6.2.1 Experimental Evidence -- 6.2.2 Structures of Crystals -- 6.2.3 Structures of Metal Melts -- 6.3 Growth Methods -- 6.3.1 Casting and Solidification Methods -- 6.3.2 Single Crystal Processes -- 6.3.3 Zone-Refining Methods -- 6.4 Crystal Growth -- 6.4.1 Comparison between Crystal Growth in Vapours and Liquids |
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6.5 Volume Changes and Relaxation Processes during Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts -- 6.5.1 Deformation Theory of Relaxation -- 6.5.2 Volume Changes of Metals at Solidification -- 6.5.3 Relaxation Processes -- 6.5.4 Relaxation during Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts -- 6.6 Normal Crystal Growth in Pure Metal Melts -- 6.6.1 Driving Force and Activation Energy with Consideration to Relaxation -- 6.6.2 Rate of Normal Growth in Pure Metals -- 6.6.3 Kinetic Coefficient of Growth Rate and Heat of Solidification with Consideration to Relaxation -- 6.7 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Liquids -- 6.7.1 Chadwick's Hard Sphere Model -- 6.7.2 Surface Packing Parameter. Volume Package Parameter -- 6.7.3 Reticular Density -- 6.7.4 Influence of Orientation on Layer Growth -- 6.7.5 Formation of Vacancies -- 6.7.6 Rate of Layer Growth in Case of Strain. Length and Height of Steps at Layer Growth -- 6.8 Normal Crystal Growth in Binary Alloys -- 6.8.1 Driving Force of Solidification -- 6.8.2 Rate of Normal Growth in Binary Alloys -- 6.8.3 Kinetic Coefficient of Growth Rate for Binary Alloys with Consideration to Relaxation -- 6.9 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Planar Crystals in Binary Alloys -- 6.9.1 General Case of Diffusion Controlled Planar Growth in Alloys -- 6.9.2 Planar Growth at Stationary Conditions and Constant Growth Rate in Alloys -- 6.10 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals in Alloys -- 6.10.1 General Case of Diffusion Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals in Alloys -- 6.10.2 Diffusion Controlled Growth Rate as a Function of Crystal Size -- 6.10.3 Crystal Size and Growth Rate at Diffusion Controlled Growth as Functions of Time -- 6.11 Impingement -- 6.11.1 Theory of Impingement -- 6.12 Precipitation of Pores -- 6.12.1 Growth of Rounded Pores in Melts -- Summary -- Exercises -- References |
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7 Heat Transport during Solidification Processes. Thermal Analysis |
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Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys Hasse Fredriksson KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Ulla Åkerlind University of Stockholm, Sweden Solidification or crystallization occurs when atoms are transformed from the disordered liquid state to the more ordered solid state, and is fundamental to metals processing. Conceived as a companion volume to the earlier works, Materials Processing during Casting (2006) and Physics of Functional Materials (2008), this book analyzes solidification and crystallization processes in depth. Starting from the thermodynamic point of view, it gives a complete description, taking into account kinetics and mass transfer, down to the final structure. Importantly, the book shows the relationship between the theory and the experimental results. Topics covered include: Fundamentals of thermodynamics Properties of interfaces Nucleation Crystal growth - in vapours, liquids and melts Heat transport during solidification processes Solidification structures - faceted, dendritic, eutectic and peritectic Metallic glasses and amorphous alloy melts Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys features many solved examples in the text, and exercises (with answers) for students. Intended for Masters and PhD students as well as researchers in Materials Science, Engineering, Chemistry and Metallurgy, it is also a valuable resource for engineers in industry |
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Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2020. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries |
| Link |
Print version: Fredriksson, Hasse Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys
Somerset : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2012 9781119993056
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| Subject |
Metal crystals -- Growth
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Electronic books
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| Alt Author |
�kerlind, Ulla
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