4. Little evidence of neuro-invasion in post-mortem Covid-19 cases -- 5. SARS-CoV-2 and parkinsonism -- 6. Peripheral pathways that may contribute to neuroinflammation -- 6.1. Olfactory pathway -- 6.2. Enteric pathways -- 6.3. Vascular pathways -- 6.4. Hypoxia and ischemia -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Three: Prevalence and outcomes of Covid-19 in ParkinsonⳠdisease: Acute settings and hospital -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Why should PwP be more or less susceptible to Covid-19? -- 3. Covid-19 prevalence in ParkinsonⳠdisease -- 4. Covid-19 outcomes in ParkinsonⳠdisease
4.1. Hospitalization -- 4.2. Mortality -- 5. Reported modulators of Covid-19 risk in ParkinsonⳠdisease -- 5.1. Canonical Covid-19 risk factors -- 5.2. Vitamin D -- 5.3. Age, disease severity and dementia -- 5.4. ParkinsonⳠdisease medications -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Four: Covid-19 and ParkinsonⳠdisease: Acute clinical implications, long-COVID and post-COVID-19 parkinsonism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with ParkinsonⳠdisease -- 2.1. Dopaminergic signaling during infections -- 2.2. The role of stress
3. ParkinsonⳠdisease and Long-COVID -- 4. Post-covid-19 cases of Parkinsonism -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Five: Smell deficits in COVID-19 and possible links with ParkinsonⳠdisease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Clinical features of COVID-19 olfactory impairment -- 2.1. Individual variables influencing COVID-19 olfactory impairment -- 2.2. SARS-CoV-2 variants and their relationship with olfactory impairment -- 3. Neuropathology of COVID-19 olfactory impairment -- 4. Olfactory impairment in COVID-19 and parkinsonism -- References
Chapter Six: Spotlight on non-motor symptoms and Covid-19 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Depression -- 3. Anxiety -- 4. Cognitive impairment -- 5. Psychosis -- 6. Delirium -- 7. Hyposmia -- 8. Gastrointestinal dysfunction -- 9. Dysautonomia -- 10. Pain -- 11. Fatigue -- 12. Sleep impairment -- 13. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Seven: Treatment paradigms in ParkinsonⳠDisease and Covid-19 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Management of PwP according to Covid-19 severity -- 3. Asymptomatic or mild Covid-19 infection -- 3.1. Anti-parkinsonian treatment: Role in Covid-19
