| Edition |
1st ed |
| Descript |
1 online resource (401 pages) |
|
text txt rdacontent |
|
computer c rdamedia |
|
online resource cr rdacarrier |
| Series |
Wiley - IEEE Ser |
|
Wiley - IEEE Ser
|
| Note |
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOAD AND SYSTEM -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 What This Book Is About -- 1.2 Payload -- 1.2.1 Bent-Pipe Payload Transponder -- 1.2.2 Processing Payload -- 1.2.3 Overall Payload Architecture -- 1.3 Conventions -- 1.4 Book Sources -- 1.5 Summary of Rest of the Book -- References -- PART I: PAYLOAD -- 2 PAYLOAD'S ON-ORBIT ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1 What Determines Environment -- 2.1.1 Orbit -- 2.1.2 GEO Spacecraft's General Layout and Orientation -- 2.1.3 GEO Spacecraft's Payload Configuration -- 2.1.4 Non-GEO Spacecraft Considerations -- 2.2 On-Orbit Environment -- 2.2.1 Thermal -- 2.2.1.1 Cold of Space -- 2.2.1.2 Heat from Spacecraft Electronics -- 2.2.1.3 Changing Direction of Sun from Satellite -- 2.2.1.4 Changing Distance of Sun from Earth -- 2.2.1.5 Eclipse -- 2.2.1.6 Mitigation by Bus Thermal-Control Subsystem -- 2.2.2 Bus and Payload Aging -- 2.2.3 Radiation -- 2.2.4 Spacecraft Attitude Disturbances -- 2.3 General Effects of Environment on Payload -- 2.3.1 Temperature-Variation Effects -- 2.3.1.1 On Active Units -- 2.3.1.2 On RF Lines -- 2.3.1.3 On Passive Filters -- 2.3.2 Radiation Effects -- 2.3.3 Aging Effects -- 2.3.4 Antenna Gain Variation -- References -- 3 ANTENNA -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General Antenna Concepts -- 3.2.1 Beams -- 3.2.2 Aperture -- 3.2.3 Antenna Pattern -- 3.2.3.1 Gain, EIRP, and G/Ts -- 3.2.3.2 Far Field and Near Field -- 3.2.3.3 Gain Pattern -- 3.2.3.4 Polarization -- 3.2.4 Orthomode Transducer and Polarizer -- 3.2.5 Cross-Polarization Induced by Antenna -- 3.2.6 Diplexer -- 3.2.7 Losses and Antenna Temperature -- 3.2.8 Reconfigurability -- 3.2.9 On-Orbit Environment and Its Mitigation -- 3.3 Single-Beam Reflector Antenna -- 3.3.1 Reflector Antenna Concepts -- 3.3.2 Single-Reflector Single-Beam Antenna |
|
3.3.3 Dual-Reflector Single-Beam Antenna -- 3.3.3.1 Center-Fed -- 3.3.3.2 Offset-Fed -- 3.4 Horn -- 3.4.1 Types of Horn -- 3.4.2 Horn as Antenna -- 3.4.3 Horn as Feed for Single-Beam Reflector Antenna -- 3.5 Antenna Array -- 3.5.1 Array Principle -- 3.5.2 Antenna Array Characteristics -- 3.5.3 Array Antenna -- 3.5.4 Array Radiating Elements -- 3.5.5 Passive and Active Arrays -- 3.5.6 Beam-Forming -- 3.5.7 Semiactive Array with Multimatrix Amplifier -- 3.6 Reflector-Based Multibeam Antenna -- 3.6.1 Reflector MBA Concepts -- 3.6.2 Reflector MBA with Feed Cluster -- 3.6.3 Reflector MBA with Array Feeds -- 3.6.4 Reflector MBA with Overlapping Feeds -- 3.7 Autotrack -- Appendix 3.A -- 3.A.1 Decibel -- 3.A.2 Antenna Pattern of General Aperture -- 3.A.3 Antenna Pattern of Antenna Array -- References -- 4 FILTER AND PAYLOAD-INTEGRATION ELEMENTS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Impedance Mismatch -- 4.3 RF Lines for Payload Integration -- 4.3.1 Coaxial Cable -- 4.3.1.1 Coax Construction -- 4.3.1.2 Coax Performance -- 4.3.1.3 Coax Environmental -- 4.3.1.4 Connector and Adapter -- 4.3.1.5 Propagation in Coax -- 4.3.2 Waveguide -- 4.3.2.1 Rectangular Waveguide Construction -- 4.3.2.2 Rectangular Waveguide Performance -- 4.3.2.3 Waveguide Environmental -- 4.3.2.4 Flange and Waveguide Assemblies -- 4.3.2.5 Propagation in Rectangular and Circular Waveguide -- 4.4 Other Payload-Integration Elements Aside from Switch -- 4.5 Filter -- 4.5.1 General -- 4.5.1.1 Filter Types -- 4.5.1.2 Filter-Response Families -- 4.5.1.3 Resonator in General -- 4.5.1.4 Filter in General -- 4.5.2 Filter Technology -- 4.5.2.1 Empty-Cavity Waveguide Filter -- 4.5.2.2 Dielectric-Resonator Filter -- 4.5.2.3 Coaxial-Cavity Combline Filter -- 4.5.3 Filter Unit and Assemblies -- 4.5.3.1 Preselect Filter -- 4.5.3.2 Multiplexer in General -- 4.5.3.3 Input Multiplexer -- 4.5.3.4 Output Multiplexer |
|
4.5.3.5 Summary of Filter-Technology Application -- 4.5.4 Filter Specification -- 4.6 Switch and Redundancy -- 4.6.1 Switch -- 4.6.2 Redundancy -- Appendix 4.A -- 4.A.1 Filter Poles and Zeros -- References -- 5 LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers and Frequency Converters in Payload -- 5.2.1 Architecture in Payload -- 5.2.2 Redundancy Scheme -- 5.2.3 Combining -- 5.3 Intermodulation Products -- 5.4 Low-Noise Amplifier -- 5.4.1 LNA Unit Architecture and Technology -- 5.4.2 LNA Linearity -- 5.4.3 LNA Environmental -- 5.4.4 LNA Specification -- 5.5 Frequency Converter -- 5.5.1 Frequency Conversion Architecture -- 5.5.2 Phase Noise Introduction -- 5.5.3 Frequency-Converter Unit Architecture and Function -- 5.5.4 Mixer -- 5.5.5 Reference Oscillator -- 5.5.6 Local Oscillator -- 5.5.6.1 Phase-Locking Introduction -- 5.5.6.2 Dielectric-Resonator Oscillator and Coaxial-Resonator Oscillator -- 5.5.6.3 Frequency Synthesizer -- 5.5.7 Frequency Converter Linearity -- 5.5.8 Frequency Converter Environmental -- 5.5.9 Frequency Converter Specification -- Appendix 5.A -- 5.A.1 Formula for Integrating Phase Noise Spectrum -- References -- 6 PREAMPLIFIER AND HIGH-POWER AMPLIFIER -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 High-Power Amplifier Concepts and Terms -- 6.2.1 HPA Nonlinearity Description -- 6.2.2 HPA Nonlinearity Specification Parameters -- 6.2.3 Power Efficiency -- 6.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier versus Solid-State Power Amplifier -- 6.4 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier Subsystem -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 TWTA Subsystems in Payload -- 6.4.2.1 Architecture in Payload, Traditional and Flexible -- 6.4.2.2 Combining -- 6.4.2.3 Redundancy Scheme -- 6.4.3 TWTA Subsystem Architecture -- 6.4.4 Channel Amplifier -- 6.4.4.1 (L)CAMP Unit Architecture and Technology -- 6.4.4.2 CAMP Specification -- 6.4.5 Linearizer |
|
6.4.5.1 Linearizer Architecture and Technology -- 6.4.5.2 LTWTA Nonlinear Performance -- 6.4.6 TWTA -- 6.4.6.1 Electronic Power Conditioner -- 6.4.6.2 TWT Architecture and Technology -- 6.4.6.3 (L)TWTA Specification -- 6.4.7 TWTA Subsystem Performance -- 6.4.8 Flexible TWTA Subsystem -- 6.4.9 TWTA Subsystem Environmental -- 6.4.9.1 Temperature -- 6.4.9.2 Radiation -- 6.4.9.3 Aging -- 6.5 Solid-State Power Amplifier -- 6.5.1 SSPAs in Payload -- 6.5.1.1 Architecture in Payload, Traditional and Flexible -- 6.5.1.2 Redundancy Scheme -- 6.5.2 SSPA Unit Architecture and Technology -- 6.5.3 Linearized SSPA -- 6.5.4 Flexible SSPA -- 6.5.5 SSPA Environmental -- 6.5.6 SSPA Specification -- References -- 7 PAYLOAD'S COMMUNICATIONS PARAMETERS -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gain Variation with Frequency -- 7.2.1 What Gain Variation with Frequency Is -- 7.2.2 Where Gain Variation with Frequency Comes From -- 7.2.3 How Gain Variations with Frequency at Unit Level Carry to Payload Level -- 7.2.4 How to Verify Gain Variation with Frequency -- 7.3 Phase Variation with Frequency -- 7.3.1 What Phase Variation with Frequency Is -- 7.3.2 Where Phase Variation with Frequency Comes From -- 7.3.3 How Phase Variations with Frequency at Unit Level Carry to Payload Level -- 7.3.4 How to Verify Phase Variation with Frequency -- 7.4 Channel Bandwidth -- 7.5 Phase Noise -- 7.6 Frequency Stability -- 7.7 Spurious Signals from Frequency Converter -- 7.8 High-Power Amplifier Nonlinearity -- 7.9 Spurious Signals from High-Power Amplifier Subsystem -- 7.9.1 What HPA-Subsystem Spurious Signals Are -- 7.9.2 Where HPA-Subsystem Spurious Signals Come From -- 7.9.3 How HPA-Subsystem Spurious Signals Carry to Payload Level -- 7.9.4 How to Verify HPA-Subsystem Spurious Signals -- 7.10 Stability of Gain and Power-Out of High-Power Amplifier Subsystem |
|
7.10.1 What Gain Stability and Power-Out Stability Are -- 7.10.2 Where Gain Stability and Power-Out Instability Come From -- 7.10.3 How Gain Stability and Power-Out Stability Carry to Payload Level -- 7.10.4 How to Verify Gain Stability and Power-Out Stability -- 7.11 Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power -- 7.12 Figure of Merit G/Ts -- 7.12.1 What G/Ts Is -- 7.12.2 How to Verify G/Ts -- 7.13 Self-Interference -- 7.13.1 What Self-Interference Is -- 7.13.2 Where Self-Interference Comes From -- 7.13.3 How Self-Interference Carries to Payload Level -- 7.13.4 How to Verify Self-Interference -- 7.14 Passive Intermodulation Products -- Appendix 7.A -- 7.A.1 Antenna Testing -- 7.A.2 Relation of Gain and Phase Ripple -- 7.A.3 Independence of G/Ts on Reference Location -- References -- 8 MORE ANALYSES FOR PAYLOAD DEVELOPMENT -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 How to Deal with Noise Figure -- 8.2.1 Defining Noise Figure -- 8.2.2 Noise Temperature at Input and Output of Passive Element -- 8.2.3 Gain and Noise Figure of Two-Element Cascade -- 8.2.4 Playing Off Gains and Attenuations -- 8.3 How to Make and Maintain Payload Performance Budgets -- 8.3.1 Example Budget without Uncertainty: Signal and Noise Levels -- 8.3.2 Dealing with Uncertainty in Budgets -- 8.3.2.1 Two General Ways of Dealing with Uncertainty -- 8.3.2.2 Types of Line-Item Uncertainty -- 8.3.2.3 Easy Dealing with Some Uncertainty Types -- 8.3.2.4 Dealing with Error in Power Measurement -- 8.3.2.5 Specifying Environment in Lifetime on Which Payload Performance Must Be Met -- 8.3.2.6 Dealing with Uncertainty from Aging and Radiation -- 8.3.2.7 Converting Thermal Environment in Lifetime into Unit Temperature Variations -- 8.3.2.8 Dealing with Performance Variation with On-Orbit Temperature -- 8.3.2.9 Nominal Value -- 8.3.2.10 Combining Line-Item Uncertainties -- 8.3.3 Keeping Margin in Budgets |
|
8.3.4 Maintaining Budget Integrity |
|
This is the first book primarily about the satellite payload of satellite communications systems. It represents a unique combination of practical systems engineering and communications theory. It tells about the satellites in geostationary and low-earth orbits today, both the so-called bent-pipe payloads and the processing payloads. The on-orbit environment, mitigated by the spacecraft bus, is described. The payload units (e.g. antennas and amplifiers), as well as payload-integration elements (e.g. waveguide and switches) are discussed in regard to how they work, what they do to the signal, their technology, environment sensitivity, and specifications. At a higher level are discussions on the payload as an entity: architecture including redundancy; specifications--what they mean, how they relate to unit specifications, and how to verify; and specification-compliance analysis ("budgets") with uncertainty. Aspects of probability theory handy for calculating and using uncertainty and variation are presented. The highest-level discussions, on the end-to-end communications system, start with a practical introduction to physical-layer communications theory. Atmospheric effects and interference on the communications link are described. A chapter gives an example of optimizing a multibeam payload via probabilistic analysis. Finally, practical tips on system simulation and emulation are provided. The carrier frequencies treated are 1 GHz and above. Familiarity with Fourier analysis will enhance understanding of some topics. References are provided throughout the book for readers who want to dig deeper. Payload systems engineers, payload proposal writers, satellite-communications systems designers and analysts, and satellite customers will find that the book cuts their learning time. Spacecraft-bus systems engineers, payload unit engineers, and |
|
spacecraft operators will gain insight into the overall system. Students in systems engineering, microwave engineering, communications theory, probability theory, and communications simulation and modelling will find examples to supplement theoretical texts |
|
Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
|
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2020. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries |
| Link |
Print version: Braun, Teresa M. Satellite Communications Payload and System
Somerset : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2012 9780470540848
|
| Subject |
Artificial satellites in telecommunication.;Artificial satellites -- Electronic equipment.;Artificial satellites -- Radio antennas.;High altitude platform systems (Telecommunication);Digital communications
|
|
Electronic books
|
|
